How to Check Methanol in Wine

How to Check Methanol in Wine

Methanol is one of the many alcohols produced during the fermentation process and in larger doses, it can sicken, or in rare cases, kill the person consuming it. All wine has a small amount of methanol in it, and commercial wineries are required by federal law to test their products before they're sent to stores. Many smaller personal wineries or wine hobbyists aren't as diligent in their testing, so if you're not sure about the amount of methanol in the wine you're about to drink, you can test the level yourself.

Instructions

    Testing for Consumers
        1

        Place one sample of the wine in question (at least 1 oz.) in a glass container. Place a piece of red litmus paper in the sample and wait 2 to 3 minutes.
        2

        If the litmus paper turns blue, there is a potentially dangerous level of methanol in the wine and it should be discarded.

     3

    If you are forced to discard the wine, you should also contact the person who sold you the wine and/or the person who made it. It's likely that a number of bottles of wine came from the same batch and they are also contaminated with excess methanol.

Testing for Winemakers

    4

    Place one sample of the wine in question (at least 1 oz.) in a glass container. Add 5 grams of potassium dichromate and mix thoroughly. Let this sample sit undisturbed for at least 15 minutes.
    5

    Check the sample of wine after 15 minutes. Lift the container containing the alcohol sample and the potassium dichromate to your nose and sniff carefully. If you detect an acidic or slightly burned smell, discard the wine immediately.
    6

    If you do discover your wine is contaminated with excess methanol, you should carefully review your entire winemaking process. It's likely that a flaw in your technique is causing this problem.


Tips & Warnings

    There are two easy ways to cut down on the chances of creating a wine or alcohol with a dangerous level of methanol. Discard the first liter of liquid created in the fermentation process, because it tends to include the highest concentration of methanol. Methanol also has a lower boiling point than the other ingredients, so a careful tracking of the temperature during the fermentation process will greatly lessen the chances of a problem later on.





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How to Prepare For EMG Nerve Testing

How to Prepare For EMG Nerve Testing

Instructions

        1

        An EMG Test is used to determine possible nerve damage mainly in the legs, feet, back, and neck. The test may be a bit uncomfortable due to needle sticks. If you are scheduled to receive an EMG Test there are some things that you need to do in preparation.
        2

        First, don't take any blood thinning medication, aspirin, or any drug that may interfere with the test. In addition, it is best not to consume alcohol. Alcohol thins the blood any can interfere with the test.

 3

Also, refrain from wearing any heavy perfumes, colognes, deodorant etc. You want to keep the areas to be tested as clean and sanitary as possible.
4

The test takes about 45 minutes and the machine used looks very much like a laptop computer. The test has been used for years very successfully.
5

Your doctor should have the results fairly quickly. You can discuss any concerns that you may have with your physician.



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How to Use a Meter to Test Blood Sugar

How to Use a Meter to Test Blood Sugar

It is important for diabetics to test their blood glucose (blood sugar) often, sometimes several times a day. Your doctor will tell you when and how often to test. Home blood glucose monitors allow diabetics to check their blood sugar at any time, with just a small drop of blood.


Instructions

        1

        Wash your hands with warm soapy water. Select a finger for testing. You should use the side of the fingertip near the nail, not the pad of the finger that's used most often in everyday activities. Swipe the finger with an alcohol wipe, if desired, and allow to dry.
        2

        Turn on the monitor and insert a test strip. Wait for the monitor to indicate that it's ready to accept blood; this can be an icon on the screen of a test strip with a blood drop, or other method as indicated by the manufacturer's instructions.


 3

Hold your hand below the level of your heart. Using the lancet, pierce the side of your finger and gently squeeze or massage the finger until a drop of blood appears. The amount of blood needed for the test strip varies by manufacturer.
4

Holding the monitor with your other hand, touch the side of the strip to the blood drop until the blood is sucked onto the strip. Do not "wipe" the blood with the test strip. The monitor will beep, blink or otherwise indicate that enough blood is received.
5

Wait for the monitor to register the blood glucose level. If an error message is received, try again with a new test strip, another finger and a larger blood sample. If the monitor does not save glucose readings, mark the number down in a log to show your health care provider. Use gauze or another alcohol wipe on the finger to stop the bleeding, if necessary.





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How to Make a Breathalyzer

How to Make a Breathalyzer

In 2008, there were 11,773 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities, according to the National Highway and Traffic Safety Association. These deaths could have been prevented if the drivers hadn't consumed alcohol. Most states set limits on how much a person can drink and still drive. To enforce this, police officers use breathalyzers. If you make your own breathalyzer, you can save your life and the lives of others.

Instructions

        1

        Pour 3 oz. of Alconox solution into a 3-oz. beaker. Leave the solution in the beaker for one minute. Pour out the solution. Alconox solution disinfects the beaker.
        2

        Rinse the beaker out with distilled water three times. Dry the inside of the beaker with a blow dryer. Continue until you wash and dry one beaker and one test tube.


 3

Pour water into a cooking pot and heat it to a boil.
4

Pour 1.5mg of potassium dichromate into the beaker. Add .20 oz. of sulfuric acid into the beaker. Mix the solution with a glass stirrer.
5

Pour 1.7-oz. of the solution into a 3-oz. glass test tube. Add 1.5mg of silver nitrate into the test tube.
6

Place the test tube over the boiling water to heat the test tube. The heat helps dissolve the silver nitrate.
7

Cut a plastic tube to a length of 1 foot, using scissors. Place one end of the tube above the top of the test tube. Don't place the end of the tube into the test tube. The blown air might cause the solution to spill.
8

Blow air into the opposite end of the test tube for 10 seconds. Use a slow and steady breath. Potassium dichromate is reddish-orange. When it reacts with alcohol, it turns into chromium sulfate, which is greenish-blue. If your solution turns greenish-blue after you breathe into the test tube, it means that you have consumed alcohol.



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How to Become a Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Pennsylvania

How to Become a Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Pennsylvania


How to Become a Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Pennsylvania
By Jenny Good, eHow Contributor

 


How to Become a Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Pennsylvania thumbnail   
Drug and alcohol counselors help people recover from addition.

In 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics listed drug and alcohol counseling as a profession expected to grow much faster than average. Drug and alcohol counselors are employed in a variety of settings, such as residential treatment facilities, hospitals, private counseling agencies and government agencies. In 2008, the median salary of drug and alcohol counselors nationally was $37,030 per year, and drug and alcohol counselors in Pennsylvania reported earning wages slightly above the national average. The associate addiction counselor (AAC) is an entry-level drug and alcohol counseling credential in Pennsylvania.


Instructions

        1

        Obtain 100 hours of college education, with 33 hours of that coursework being specific to drug and alcohol abuse. To become a drug and alcohol counselor in Pennsylvania, the learning institution you attend must be accredited in the state.
        2

        Secure employment in a facility that handles drug and alcohol addictions. According to the Pennsylvania Certification Board, you need one year of employment in an addictions facility, including 100 hours of documented supervision, to be eligible for credentialing. Work experience must be paid; volunteer hours cannot substitute for the paid experience requirement.
        3

        Complete an application for the associate addiction counselor, level 1 credential. The application can be downloaded from the Pennsylvania Certification Board. You must pay a $100 fee with the completed application.





Tips & Warnings

    The initial associate addiction counselor level 1 credential expires one year from the date of award. You may apply for renewal of the level 1 designation in one year. With further work experience and training, you may apply for the level 2 designation, which is valid for two years and is renewable.





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How Long Do Results From Pre Employment Drug Tests Take

How Long Do Results From Pre Employment Drug Tests Take?



    Why Drug Test?

        Drug testing has become an important safety issue in the workplace for Human Resources and Safety professionals. The majority of Fortune 500 companies do drug testing. They test simply to limit the amount of drug abuse in the workplace. Drug abuse affects company profits with absenteeism, tardiness, employee turnover, moral, theft, lessened productivity, violence and crime as well.
        Drug abuse costs employers between $75 and $100 billion dollars annually, according to the US Department of Labor estimates. These losses are seen in missed time, accidents, health care and workers compensation costs. Close to sixty-five percent of all accidents that occur on the job are related to drugs and/or alcohol. These substance abusers also utilize 16 times as many health related benefits and are six times more likely to file compensation claims then the normal worker.
        When did companies take notice of the problem? You have to go back to 1987, where SmithKline Beecham ran a national testing laboratory and noted that just over 18% of all workers tested positive for drugs and/or alcohol. In 1997, these numbers were down to just over 5%. Although it is argued as to why the numbers are down so much over a ten-year period, for human resource departments and safety managers, drug testing is a necessary tool for keeping employee related expenses down. Some have cited the decline in numbers to people doing less drugs others say that drug abusers just don't apply at companies that test for drugs.
    What do they test for and how long do drugs stay in the system?

        The labs offer a variety of drug tests. The most commonly used one is five-panel test for street drugs. This test is for Marijuana, Cocaine, PCP, Opiates, and Amphetamines. Some opt for a ten-panel test that will include prescription drugs as well as the street drugs. Still some may even chose to test for alcohol.
        It is typical for drugs to stay in the system anywhere from two to four days, although it is not uncommon to have chronic users of certain drugs like marijuana to stay in the system for as long as fourteen days. Valium, a sedative, can remain in the body for up to thirty days. A costlier test using hair can detect drugs up to ninety days in the system.
        Also employers determine the time frame a urine sample will be given. This is to keep abusers for waiting a few days to get the drugs out of their system. Labs and drug test collection sites also take measures to keep testers from altering their test sample.
    How does it work?

        A person will get sent to a lab or a collection site where she will give a urine sample on site. The sample is sent to an accredited lab for analysis. If results are negative you will find out within twenty-four hours. Some employers use instant test kits. These are similar to home pregnancy tests, but the employers must handle the samples themselves. These tests results are good for immediate screening and only good for that particular time. The costs of the tests are not much cheaper the lab tests, and labs can hold on to samples for a longer period of time for retesting if necessary.

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How to Test Acids and Bases on Turmeric Solutions

How to Test Acids and Bases on Turmeric Solutions

Discover how an everyday spice with unusual properties can help you explore science with your children at home. Commonly used in Asian and Middle-Eastern cuisine, turmeric is also one of a number of naturally occurring substances that can act as an indicator, changing color in response to acidity conditions. Learn how to easily make your own indicator paper from turmeric and use it to test acidic and basic (alkaline) foods and other household substances.

Instructions
1
Mix together about two heaped teaspoons of turmeric powder and about three centimeters depth methylated spirits in a disposable plastic cup. Stir the mixture well, and allow the powder to settle. The liquid should now be colored, and it is this liquid that can act as an indicator.

2
Place a sheet of toilet paper on a disposable plate and carefully pour the yellow indicator liquid onto the toilet paper. You only need to add enough liquid to moisten the paper. Allow the paper to dry.




3.Cut the dyed toilet paper into strips. These will act as your indicator paper strips and can be used to test a variety of household acids and bases.

4
Make a basic or alkaline solution by mixing a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda with a little water. Determine what color the paper turns in the presence of an alkali by placing a dried strip of the paper on a paper plate and adding a drop of the bicarbonate of soda mixture.

5
Add a few drops of lemon juice to the same strip of paper to reverse the color change. Turmeric indicator turns dark red in the presence of an alkali, but remains yellow in the presence of an acidic or neutral solution.

6
Use further strips of the indicator to look for other household substances that are alkaline. Any alkaline substance turns the paper red. Acidic substances will not change the color of the paper, but can be used to reverse the color change of a strip that has already been used to test for an alkali.



Tips & Warnings
Try making indicators using other substances to test for acids. Red cabbage water is a good example of a substance which changes color in both acidic and alkaline conditions.

Methylated spirits is a poisonous substance and should be handled with care. Do not use food preparation utensils or surfaces for this experiment. Turmeric can stain and any spills should be washed immediately.


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How to Repair the Rear Window Defroster Lines

How to Repair the Rear Window Defroster Lines

A rear window defroster is responsible for clearing a car's rear window of ice and fog. A number of defrosters use a grid system, which consists of electronic sensors that prompt heat production in a series of lines painted on the rear window's glass. Manufacturers apply the lines to the window using conductive paint, a silver polymer product that can conduct electricity. Scratched or damaged lines result in a broken electrical current. When this occurs, the sensors cannot prompt the lines of the grid to heat properly. Fixing faulty defroster lines is a vehicle repair you can complete at home


Instructions
Find the Faulty Line

1
Turn on the car's engine. Turn the vehicle's rear defroster on high.

2
Turn on the voltage tester. Place one probe of the tester at the end of the defective line and the other probe on the opposite end. Check the voltage tester's reading. Write down the current voltage.



3.Slowly slide one probe toward the opposite end while constantly checking the voltage reading. The reading should slowly decrease as you move the probe.

4
Continue sliding the probe until you reach an area where the voltmeter's reading increases to the number you had previously written down. The faulty part of the line lies between the two probes.

5
Mark the damaged area on the opposite side of the window using a grease pencil.

Repair the Damaged Area
6
Turn off the vehicle's rear defroster and allow the window to cool.

7
Prepare the rear window for repair by cleaning it with isopropyl alcohol and a soft cloth or paper towel. Remove all dirt, debris, oils and hand prints from the window.

8
Place masking tape on the upper and lower part of the faulty defroster line to protect the surrounding glass. This also ensures the repaired line is straight.

9
Shake the conductive paint well. Use the brush supplied with the conductive paint to apply a thin coat of paint to the damaged line.

10
Allow the first coat of paint to dry for about five minutes, and then apply another thin coat of the paint.

11
Allow the second coat to dry for five minutes. Remove the masking tape from the glass. Wait 15 minutes before using the rear defroster.



Tips & Warnings
If a defroster line is obviously scratched or broken, using a voltage meter is not necessary because the damage is clearly visible,

Find conductive paint at automotive supply stores. This paint comes in a small vial that has a brush attached to the paint's cap.



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How to Test Liquor With a Hydrometer

How to Test Liquor With a Hydrometer

A hydrometer measures specific gravity (SG). Scientists define the specific gravity of a fluid as the density of that fluid when compared to the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 Fahrenheit), which is 1 gram per milliliter (g/ml; a gram is 0.035 oz.). For example, if a fluid has a specific gravity of 2.0, its density at 4 Celsius is twice the density of water. Knowing the specific gravity of liquor can help you determine its alcohol content.


Instructions
1.Place the narrow end of a funnel into the mouth of a hydrometer jar or 1,000 ml laboratory graduated cylinder.

2
Pour liquor into the funnel until the level of the liquor is within 1 inch of the top of the jar or graduated cylinder. Remove the funnel.


3.Hold a hydrometer by its narrow, scaled end and carefully lower it into the liquor-filled jar or cylinder. Take care not to drop the hydrometer; it may sink rapidly to the bottom and shatter.

4
Spin the hydrometer several times, still holding its narrow end between your fingers, to dislodge any air bubbles that might be clinging to the sides of the hydrometer. Clinging air bubbles will produce an inaccurate reading.

5
Gently release the hydrometer and wait for it to stop moving.

6
Identify the curve, called the meniscus, at the top of the liquor where the liquor rises up against the walls of its container and the neck of the hydrometer. Read the manufacturer instructions for your hydrometer and learn whether your hydrometer is designed to be read at the top or the bottom of the meniscus. Most hydrometers measure from the bottom of the meniscus.

7
Note where the meniscus of the liquor crosses the numbered scale on the narrow end of the hydrometer. Your eyes should be at the level of the meniscus when you do this. For example, you have a bottom-reading hydrometer and the bottom of the liquor meniscus crosses the scale of your hydrometer at 1.03.

8
Place a thermometer in the liquor and find the temperature of the liquor. Most hydrometers are calibrated to be accurate at 60 F. If your liquor is a different temperature, follow manufacturer instructions for adjusting your hydrometer reading according to the temperature you measure. For example, the instructions may require that you add 0.001 degree for every 5 degrees your fluid temperature is above 60 F. If your fluid is 70 F, therefore, you must find the difference between that temperature and 60, divide the difference by 5, multiply the result by 0.001 and add the answer to your hydrometer reading: [(70 - 60)/5] x 0.001 = 0.002, and 0.002 + 1.03 = 1.032. Your final reading is 1.032. This is the specific gravity of the liquor you are testing with your hydrometer.


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How to Boost Octane Rating for Ethanol

How to Boost Octane Rating for Ethanol

The octane rating of fuel is tied to its performance and speed of combustion in a vehicle's engine. The higher the octane rating in a fuel such as ethanol, the slower the fuel will burn and less likely that the engine will "knock." When fuel burns too fast, a vehicle's engine will "knock" and may even temporarily cease working. Boosting the octane rating of ethanol can improve a vehicle's overall performance


Instructions
Ethanol Energy

1
Ethanol is derived from an alternative fuel produced from starches contained in grains such as sugarcane, sorghum, barley and corn. Ethanol has a high octane rating, about 113, compared with 107 for methanol and 86 to 94 for gasoline. Ethanol also burns cleanly because of its high octane rating.

Boosting the octane rating of ethanol can improve an engine's efficiency. Don't assume that using fuel with a high octane rating automatically will boost efficiency. Using the correct octane fuel suitable for your engine's fuel delivery system is of paramount importance.

2
Check state ethanol labeling laws. You can assess and boost the octane rating of your ethanol fuel with a portable alcohol fuel test kit or portable octane analyzer meter. A portable alcohol fuel test kit comes in a pocket size and can be re-used, making testing an octane rating easy and accurate. This will help you use the right fuel octane rating for your engine.

Boost the octane rating by buying high-quality fuel and refueling often, every one to two weeks, for the best results. Also keep your engine well tuned and lubricated and follow the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule.

3
Ethanol absorbs moisture from its surroundings. Around 90 to 100 days, if not used, ethanol in your gas tank or engine enters a "phase separation" stage, where two layers of liquid are visible. After phase separation, ethanol drastically changes, with its octane rating slipping by as much as three points. For example, if you bought 110-octane ethanol gas, after phase separation, you will have only a 107 octane rating or lower, which can be detrimental to the engine. One strategy to boost ethanol's octane rating is to burn the fuel as soon as possible before phase separation occurs.



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